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Nanoparticle carrier-another option for nucleic acid delivery
Gene therapy and oligonucleotide drugs can alleviate or cure many diseases that traditional methods cannot cope with, especially those caused by gene defects or abnormalities. Although RNAi is considered to be more effective in treating diseases compared with other methods, there are still some challenges in delivering small interfering RNA (siRNA) to diseased sites for gene therapy. Nanoparticles have unique advantages compared with other carriers and been paid attention to for RNAi delivery. Learn More
Status of Drug Development Based on Exosomes
Exosome is a type of extracellular vesicle (EV) with a diameter of about 30-150 nm. They are secreted by all cell types and can be found in most body fluids, including blood, saliva, and urine. Exosomes are "nanospheres" with bilayer membranes, which contain a wide array of substances from parent cells, such as microRNAs, mRNA expression, lncRNA, DNA, lipids, peptides, and proteins (including oncoprotein, Tumor suppressor genes, transcription regulators and splicing factors). The composition of exosomes is critical because they can be used as biomarkers and provide an indication of their function in biological processes. Learn More
RNA drugs refer to RNA with the function of treating diseases, which can directly regulate the expression of the disease genes from the source, which is one of the effective means of precision medicine. RNA drugs mainly include small interfering RNA, small activated nucleic acids, mRNA drugs, ribozymes, etc. Learn More
Small interfering RNA (siRNA), sometimes called short interfering RNA or silencing RNA, is a type of double-stranded non-coding RNA molecule, usually 20-27 base pairs in length. siRNA can specifically target specific mRNA for degradation and prevent translation, thereby interfering with the expression of specific genes with complementary nucleotide sequences. siRNA can also be used to knock down non-protein-coding genes, such as long non-coding RNA (lncRNA). The use of siRNA can achieve transient silencing in a variety of cell lines, and the experiments are usually limited to a short time range of about 2-4 days. Learn More
mRNA vaccine delivery strategy
mRNA vaccines have the advantages of rapid development, low-cost production, and safe management, and have strong potential to replace conventional vaccines. During the vaccination process, the formulation and delivery strategies of mRNA contribute to the effective expression and presentation of antigens and immune stimulation. mRNA vaccines have been delivered in many forms, including: encapsulated by delivery vectors, such as lipid nanoparticles, polymers, peptides, free mRNA in solution, and wrapped by dendritic cells in vitro. Appropriate delivery materials and formulation methods usually improve vaccine efficacy, which is also affected by the choice of an appropriate route of administration. Learn More
Now, small interfering RNA (siRNA) has become the method of choice for mammalian cell genetic analysis and has the potential to be used as a treatment for a variety of cancers, acquired and inherited diseases. Here, we describe four methods for generating siRNA for mammalian RNAi experiments, each of which has its advantages and disadvantages. The best way to generate siRNA depends on the purpose of the experiment. We will discuss the types of applications that suit them best. Learn More
Therapeutic Principle and Construction Method of mRNA
The use of mRNA as vaccines and drugs to prevent, diagnose and treat certain diseases is gradually becoming the focus of pharmaceutical companies. mRNA-based therapy, in short, is to introduce chemically modified mRNA molecules into the cytoplasm, and use the nucleotides in the cytoplasm for transcription and expression to produce the proteins needed by the body. Learn More
RNA is divided into messenger RNA (mRNA) and non-coding RNA according to its structure and function; non-coding RNA is divided into large non-coding RNA and small non-coding RNA: large non-coding RNA includes ribosomal RNA, long non-coding RNA, and non-coding RNA. Encoding small RNAs include transfer RNA, ribozymes, small molecule RNAs and so on. mRNA is a type of single-stranded ribonucleic acid that is transcribed from a strand of DNA as a template and carries genetic information that can guide protein synthesis. Learn More
Oligonucleotide-Conjugated Antibodies for Diagnostics and Therapeutics
Oligonucleotide-antibody conjugates (oligo-Ab) are a new class of synthetic chimeric biomolecules. After the oligonucleotide-conjugated antibody binds to its target, the protein level can be converted to the oligonucleotide level, which greatly improves the sensitivity of protein detection and allows the use of multiplexed methods. Learn More
Mature mRNAs require 5' cap structures, which are evolutionarily conserved modifications in eukaryotes and are essential for the translation of most proteins in vivo. The m7G cap structure consists of 7-methyl guanosine (m7G) triphosphate linked to the 5' end of the mRNA via a 5'-5' triphosphate bridge (m7G cap), that is the so-called cap 0 structure. Learn More
In Vitro Transcriptional Synthesis of mRNA
In vitro transcription (IVT) is the synthesis of RNA molecules, allowing researchers to customize the synthesis processes and introduce modifications to produce transcripts. It is worth spending some time optimizing mRNA template design, IVT, and other process parameters to simplify downstream processing and ensure a proper balance of yield and secondary structure formation. The synthetic mRNA should contain four important structural elements: 5'-cap, untranslated regions (UTRs), open reading frame (ORF), and poly (A) tail at the 3'-end, they play essential roles in mRNA stability, subcellular localization, and translational efficiency. Learn More
Storage of Purified Oligonucleotides
The stability of purified oligonucleotides depends on the nature and temperature of the storage medium. Oligonucleotides are usually shipped as lyophilized dry powders. Transportation over short periods of time does not affect the stability of dry oligonucleotides, which can remain stable at 37°C (98°F) for up to 25 weeks. Learn More
The important difference between self-replicating RNA (srRNA, also known as self-amplifying RNA) and regular mRNA is that it can use its own RNA sequence as a template for self-replication. Normally mRNAs encode proteins that need to be expressed, and ribosomes in the cell are used for translation and protein production...Learn More
What is Spherical Nucleic Acid?
Spherical nucleic acids (SNA) are nanostructures of densely packed and highly oriented arrays of linear nucleic acids in a three-dimensional spherical geometry. This new three-dimensional structure defines a new class of nucleic acids with properties that are distinctly different from similar linear (1D) chains of the same sequence. Learn More
RNA: Definition, Structure, Types & Functions
Ribonucleic Acid(RNA) is the genetic information carrier in biological cells, certain viruses, and viroid-like organisms. It is a chain-like molecule composed of ribonucleotides linked together by phosphodiester bonds. Ribonucleotide molecules consist of phosphate, ribose, and a base. Learn More
The CRISPR-Cas system is a natural immune system in prokaryotes. Some bacteria, upon being invaded by viruses, can store a small segment of the viral genes in a region within their DNA known as CRISPR. Upon encountering the virus again, the bacteria can recognize the virus based on the stored segment...Learn More
Synthetic biology has gained considerable attention in recent years. It refers to the genetic design and modification of cells or living organisms by constructing biological functional components, devices, and systems to endow them with desired biological functions that meet human needs, and even the creation of entirely new biological systems. Learn More
How to Enhance the Promising Potential of siRNA Drugs
Nucleic Acid Therapy is a highly promising treatment approach that holds great potential. It involves introducing a segment of nucleic acid sequence to upregulate, downregulate, or correct target genes, enabling more precise disease treatment. Nucleic acid drugs can be categorized based on their composition into two main classes: DNA drugs and RNA drugs. Learn More
Transcription vs Translation Biology
Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template, where the code in the DNA is converted into a complementary RNA code. Translation is the synthesis of a protein from an mRNA template, where the code in the mRNA is converted to the amino acid sequence in the protein. Learn More
Click Chemistry in Oligonucleotide Synthesis
Click chemistry is a versatile reaction that can be used to synthesize a wide range of compound conjugates. The click reaction allows for the convenient introduction of designed small molecules into oligonucleotides and imparts a variety of additional properties to the oligonucleotide, such as optical, physical, and chemical properties. Learn More
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a technique widely used in molecular biology, diagnostics, forensics, and molecular genetics to amplify specific regions (amplicons) of a DNA sample. PCR can amplify several molecules of a precious DNA sample to produce a large amount of DNA, ranging from 50 to more than 25,000 base pairs in length. Learn More
DNA damage repair is a phenomenon that occurs when DNA molecules in biological cells recover their structure after being damaged by the action of various enzymes. The study of DNA damage repair helps to understand the mechanism of gene mutation, the causes of aging and cancer, and can also be applied to the detection of environmental carcinogens. Learn More
An Overview of Next Generation Sequencing
Gene sequencing is the only technical means to obtain nucleic acid sequence information directly, which is an important branch of molecular diagnostic technology. Although molecular hybridization and quantitative PCR technologies have been developed significantly in recent years, their identification of nucleic acids only stays on the assumption of indirect inference. Learn More
Circular RNA - A Candidate for Next Generation RNA Therapy
Circular RNA (circRNA) is a class of non-coding RNA molecules without a 5' terminal cap and a 3' terminal poly(A) tail, and form a ring structure by covalent bonding, which are objectively present in organisms, and are significantly different from linear RNAs. Learn More
DNA Origami for Nanomanufacturing, Biosensing and Drug Delivery
DNA origami is a molecular self-folding technique in which long single-stranded DNA scaffolds, typically M13 phage genomic DNA, are folded into well-defined objects by hundreds of short-stranded DNA staples in a one-pot method. The intrinsic addressability of DNA origami is achieved by supplementing different parts of the long single-stranded DNA scaffold with a unique set of DNA staples. Learn More
Reverse transcriptase, also known as RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, first discovered in some RNA viruses, is an enzyme with reverse transcription activity that is capable of synthesizing DNA using single-stranded RNA as a template. Reverse transcriptase was first discovered in RNA viruses in 1970 by Howard Temin and David Baltimore. Learn More
Reviews of Phosphodiester Bond
In the field of biochemistry, the phosphodiester bond is considered to be a crucial molecular structure widely found in biological molecules such as nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA, as well as adenosine triphosphate, and is also known as the 3’,5’-phosphodiester bond. It is important to note that the phosphodiester bond is a chemical group, not a covalent or ionic bond in the usual chemical sense. Learn More
TRIzol RNA Extraction Protocol
In the realm of molecular biology, the intricate dance between nucleic acids orchestrates the symphony of life. Among these, RNA emerges as a pivotal player, its multifaceted roles spanning from genetic regulation to cellular signaling. Understanding and extracting RNA with precision is paramount in unraveling the mysteries of biological processes. Learn More
RNA-Targeted Small Molecule Drug Development
For small molecule therapies, the vast majority of targets are proteins. This strategy has led to a large number of new drugs and breakthrough discoveries over the past few decades, but there are a number of problems and bottlenecks with this route. Learn More
Advances in mRNA Vaccines for Breast Cancer
Breast cancer ranks as the most prevalent malignant tumor globally. Standard treatment modalities encompass surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and targeted therapy. Learn More
Advances in Tuberculosis Vaccine Research
Tuberculosis is one of the major challenges facing global public health and is the world's second-largest single infectious disease cause of death, second only to COVID-19 infection.Learn More
Assays for Quality Control in Small Nucleic Acid Drugs
Quality standard control is an important aspect in the manufacturing of oligonucleotides. Like the acceptance criteria for any active pharmaceutical ingredient, the quality standards for oligonucleotide raw materials are based on preclinical and clinical data, variability in production processes, and analytical control strategies. Learn More
DNA Data Storage: Overviews and Prospects
DNA storage is an effective fusion of biotechnology (BT) and information technology (IT), representing a green revolution in data storage. DNA is a large polymer composed of deoxyribonucleotides.Learn More
How to Study the Function of miRNA
miRNA is a kind of non-coding single-stranded RNA widely stored in the RNA molecule with a length of about 18-22 nucleotides, which can regulate gene expression through a variety of pathways, and plays an important role in the regulation of gene expression. Learn More
Eukaryotic RNA precursors undergo a process of splicing and ligation to form mature functional RNA molecules. RNA ligases are involved in repair, splicing, and editing pathways, which either reseal broken RNA or alter its primary structure.Learn More
With the continuous development of molecular biology and cell biology research, cell transfection has become a routine tool for studying gene function in cells. Cell transfection technology can be divided into two main categories: transient transfection and stable transfection. Learn More
Methods for Preparation of Circular RNA
The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the development of mRNA vaccines, and the expedited approval of multiple vaccines has propelled the innovation of mRNA nucleic acid drugs. Learn More
Methods to Study CircRNA-Protein Interactions
Currently, circRNA has emerged as a hot topic in RNA research due to its diverse biological functions, ranging from gene expression regulation to protein encoding and mRNA competition. Learn More
New Research Hot Spot: Extracellular RNA
Extracellular RNA, abbreviated as exRNA, refers to RNA located outside of cells, including RNA in the environment as well as RNA found in the intercellular spaces or bodily fluids of multicellular organisms.Learn More
New Research on RNA Methylation Modifications (m6A)
RNA methylation modification refers to the process in which methyl groups are added to nucleotides under the mediation of RNA methyltransferases. m6A, a prevalent form of RNA methylation in eukaryotes, is one of the most common types of RNA methylation modifications, characterized by the addition of a methyl group to the N6 position of adenine. Learn More
Overviews of RNase and RNase Inhibitors
RNA ribonucleases (RNases) are nucleases that hydrolyze RNA, primarily by cleaving the phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides. RNAase molecules have stable structures, containing disulfide bonds, allowing them to maintain their activity even under conditions of high temperature or the presence of denaturing agents, without the need for divalent cations. Learn More
Restriction Enzyme: Definition, Types & Usages
Restricted endonucleases or restriction nucleases are enzymes that cut DNA into fragments at specific recognition sites or nearby (referred to as restriction sites) within the molecule. Restriction endonucleases are widely distributed, with at least one type found in almost every bacterial genus and species, with some genera harboring dozens of different types. Learn More
RNA Splicing Dysregulation and Cancer
RNA splicing is a highly regulated process, carried out by the spliceosome and other splicing regulatory factors. The spliceosome recognizes core regulatory sequences in pre-mRNA, including the 5' and 3' splice sites (5'SS and 3'SS) marking intron-exon boundaries, the branch point site (BPS), and the polypyrimidine tract. Learn More
Single-Cell RNA Sequencing and Its Applications
Nearly all human cells contain the same genetic material, but the transcriptional information in each cell reflects only the unique activity of its gene set. Analyzing gene expression activity within cells is considered one of the most reliable methods for understanding cell identity, status, function, and response. Learn More
Vector of Choice for Gene Therapy: AAV
Currently, gene therapy is one of the highly regarded fields of treatment because it directly intervenes at the root cause of diseases rather than just addressing symptoms. This therapy has shown success in preclinical trials by regulating gene expression or silencing in diseased cells. Learn More
An Overview of Taq DNA Polymerase in PCR
DNA polymerase is an essential enzyme involved in the processes of chromosome replication, repair, and recombination within cells, ensuring accurate replication and transmission of genetic information to daughter cells and offspring. Based on the analysis of DNA polymerase amino acid sequences and structures, it can be classified into seven major families: A, B, C, D, X, Y, and reverse transcriptase (RT) family. Learn More
CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing Technologies in the Development of Disease Therapies
Gene editing is a branch of genetic engineering, which is a breakthrough method capable of inserting, deleting, modifying, or replacing DNA in the living genome. Gene editing technology is a technique that targets specific changes in genetic material. Learn More
Gene Knockout: Principles, Methods and Applications
Gene knockout refers to the process of inactivating or disabling specific genes in the genome of an organism. Broadly speaking, gene knockout includes the complete knockout, partial knockout, deletion of gene regulatory sequences, and deletion of segmental genome sequences. Homologous recombination is currently a widely used method for gene knockout, where the knockedout gene is used to observe phenotypic changes in organisms or cells, making it an important tool for studying gene function. Learn More
Introducing Extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA)
Extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) is a type of circular DNA element present in the genome of cancer cells. Unlike the chromosomal inheritance mechanism in normal cells, ecDNA typically contains highly expressed enhancers and driver oncogenes. The circular topology of ecDNA leads to open chromatin conformation, generating novel gene regulatory interactions, including interactions with distal enhancers. Learn More
Introduction to mRNA Sequence Elements: Cap, CDS, UTR & PolyA
mRNA synthesized through in vitro transcription is a meticulously designed sequence to mimic the biological function of natural mRNA single-stranded transcripts in protein translation. The mRNA sequence consists of five key structural elements: the 5' cap structure (Cap), 5' untranslated region (UTR), coding sequence (CDS), 3' untranslated region (UTR), and poly(A) tail. Learn More
Overview of mRNA Drug Production Process
Currently, the mRNA drug production process is gradually maturing. The preparation and production of mRNA drugs need to consider three core issues. Learn More
Plasmids: Definition, Types and Applications
The molecular cloning technique employs a vector to transfer DNA fragments (target genes) into recipient cells, serving as a self-replicating DNA molecule tool. Common vectors include plasmids, bacteriophages, viruses, etc. Learn More
Primer Dimers: A Comprehensive Guide
Fluorescent real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technology is arguably the most important and widely used nucleic acid quantification technique in modern molecular biology. Successful qPCR experiments rely on precise experimental design and operational procedures. One of the most common issues encountered is the formation of primer dimers. Learn More
Reviews of siRNA Nanocarriers for Blood-Brain Barrier(BBB) Penetration
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective semi-permeable boundary formed by endothelial cells, which regulates the transfer of solutes and chemicals between the circulatory system and the central nervous system (CNS), thereby protecting the brain from the influence of harmful or unnecessary substances in the blood. The BBB is a natural protective membrane that prevents the CNS from being harmed by toxins and pathogens in the bloodstream. Learn More
SNP Genotyping: Technologies and Biomedical Applications
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms(SNPs) are variations in a single nucleotide in the genome, including transitions, transversions, deletions, and insertions, forming genetic markers with a large number and rich polymorphism. Theoretically, each SNP site can have four different variant forms, but in practice, only two occur, namely transitions and transversions, with a ratio of 2:1. SNPs occur most frequently in CG sequences, and most often involve the conversion of C to T. Learn More
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